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1. lawyer [‘lɔɪə ], [‘lɔːjə] n |
– юрист; адвокат; консультант по вопросам права, юрисконсульт |
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2. administration of the law |
– применение норм права |
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3. distinguish [dɪ’stɪŋgwɪʃ] v |
– различить |
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4. minor [‘maɪnə] adj |
– незначительный, мелкий, второстепенный |
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5. administrative official |
– правительственный чиновник |
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6. coordinate [kəu’ɔːdɪnət] adj |
– одинаковый или равный; не являющийся подчинённым |
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7. career [kə’rɪə] n |
– карьера |
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8. judge [‘ʤʌʤ] n |
– судья |
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9. diplomat [‘dɪpləmæt] n |
– дипломат |
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10. civil servant |
– государственный гражданский служащий |
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11. privilege [‘prɪv(ə)lɪʤ] n |
– привилегия |
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12. legal activities |
– юридическая деятельность, правомерная, законная деятельность |
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13. bench [benʧ] n |
– суд, судьи, судебное присутствие, состав суда или арбитража |
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14. resembling [rɪ’zemblɪŋ] adj |
– аналогичный, подобный, похожий |
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15. practice of law |
– юридическая практика; адвокатская практика |
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16. oversee [ˌəuvə’siː] v |
– наблюдать, надзирать |
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17. bar association |
– ассоциация (коллегия) адвокатов (имеющих право выступать в суде) |
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18. Bar Council |
– Совет адвокатов |
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19. law society |
– ассоциация юристов |
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20. distinct [dɪ’stɪŋkt] adj |
– индивидуальный; отличный |
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21. bachelor of laws |
– кандидат прав |
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22. Bachelor of Civil Law [,bætʃələrəv,sɪvl’lɔː] |
– бакалавр гражданского права (обладатель первой учёной степени в университетах, за исключением Оксфордского, где она является учёной степенью выше степени бакалавра |
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23. Juris Doctor |
– доктор права |
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24. Master of Laws |
– кандидат юридических наук |
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25. Doctor of Laws [,dɔktərəv’lɔːz] |
– доктор юридических наук |
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26. to be admitted to the bar |
– получить право адвокатской практики в суде |
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27. esquire [ɪs’kwaɪə], [es-] n |
– эсквайр (титул) |
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28. dignity [‘dɪgnətɪ] n |
– положение, должность |
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29. PhD [ˌpiːeɪʧ’diː]; от Doctor of Philosophy; = Ph.D. master |
– доктор философии (учёная степень; примерно соответствует степени кандидата наук в РФ; присваивается магистру как гуманитарных, так и естественных наук) |
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30. chambers [‘tʃeɪmbəz] n |
– контора адвоката, кабинет судьи |
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31. entail [ɪn’teɪl] v |
– влечь за собой, вызывать |
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32. case law reports |
– сборник судебных прецедентов |
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33. draft document |
– черновик документа |
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34. pleadings |
– состязательные бумаги (которыми обмениваются стороны на предварительной стадии судебного разбирательства) |
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35. brief n |
– сводка; резюме, краткое письменное изложение дела |
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36. will n |
– воля, завещание |
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37. trust n |
– кредит, доверительная собственность; распоряжение имуществом на началах доверительной собственности |
The lawyer, in broad sense, is one whose principal occupation is related both to the making and administration of the law, and who has a sufficiently wide education, distinguishing him from minor administrative officials. The lawyers of different countries differ widely from one another. The Continent bases its jurisprudence upon the university-made civil law, in place of the Judge-made common law of England and the USA.
The practice of this civil law consists of several coordinate professions, each constituting a career in itself. Such are, for instance, the professions of judge, of diplomat, of higher civil servant, of law teacher and scholar. The United States stand at the opposite extreme; the student, after his formal education is completed, is admitted by the State to the privilege of general practice of the law. There is little or no connection between his course of preparation – which may or may not be in a university – and the particular line of highly specialized legal activity in which he will find himself at first, and from which he can later pass to the bench, into politics or even business. In England the lawyer occupies a position somewhat resembling at of his colleague in the United States, but not to the extreme exemplified here.
In order to maintain professionalism, the practice of law is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a bar association, bar council or law society. Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a Bachelor of Laws, a Bachelor of Civil Law, or a Juris Doctor degree. Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a Master of Laws, a Master of Legal Studies, a Bar Professional Training Course or a Doctor of Laws), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment (being admitted to the bar). There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers, such as Esquire, to indicate barristers of greater dignity, and Doctor of law, to indicate a person who obtained a PhD in Law.
Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts. In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally-trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed.
Once accredited, a lawyer will often work in a law firm, in a chamber as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal counsel. In addition a lawyer may become a legal researcher who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.
Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law. This usually entails exploring case-law reports, legal periodicals and legislation. Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court pleadings, persuasive briefs, contracts, or wills and trusts. Negotiation and dispute resolution skills are also important to legal practice, depending on the field.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/jurisprudence.aspx
Civil society
The Classical republican concept of “civil society” dates back to Hobbes and Locke. Locke saw civil society as people who have “a common established law and judicature to appeal to, with authority to decide controversies between them.” German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel distinguished the “state” from “civil society” (bürgerliche Gesellschaft) in Elements of the Philosophy of Right.
Hegel believed that civil society and the state were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx. Nowadays in post-modern theory civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author Geoffrey Robertson QC wrote of international law, one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms.
Freedom of speech, freedom of association and many other individual rights allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a deliberative democracy is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and legitimate the law becomes to the people. The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, trade unions, hospitals, universities, schools, charities, debating clubs, non-governmental organisations, neighbourhoods, churches, and religious associations.