1. No man can be judged a criminal until he is found innocent.
2. In the eye of the law, every man is guilty until his crime has been proved.
3. Crimes are more effectually prevented by the severity than the certainty of punishment.
4. Only a single person may be the authority.
5. Punishment may be carried out formally under a system of law or informally in other kinds of social settings.
6. Penology is the study and practice of the punishment of crimes.
7. Justifications for punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation.
8. Punishments differ in their degree of severity.
