1. A civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the Code of Justinian, but heavily overlaid by , , , , and practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as law, codification, and legal .
2. Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes rules from rules.
3. It holds law to be secondary and subordinate to law.
4. When discussing civil law, one should keep in mind the conceptual difference between a and a .
5. Religious law refers to ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions: Christian law, Islamic , Jewish , and Hindu .
