Put the following paragraphs in the correct order to recreate the text.
Changes in Language and Word Use vs. Values
By ALAN SMITH
A. “Choose” and “get” represent “the individualism and materialism that are adaptive in wealthier urban settings,” while “obliged” and “give” reflect the social responsibilities that are adaptive in rural settings,” Greenfield said.
B. For her research, which appears Aug. 8 in the online edition of the journal Psychological Science, Greenfield used Google’s Ngram Viewer, a publicly available tool that can count word frequencies in a million books in a matter of seconds. The Google Books database comprises a wide variety of books, including novels, non-fiction and textbooks.
C. The increase or decrease in the use of certain words over the past two centuries reveals how human psychology has changed in response to major historical shifts, said Patricia Greenfield, a distinguished professor of psychology at UCLA and the author of the study.
D. A NEW UCLA analysis of words used in more than 1.5 million American and British books published between 1800 and 2000 shows how cultural values have changed.
E. Usage of “get” decreased between 1940 and the 1960s before rising again in the 1970s, perhaps reflecting a decline in self-interest during World War II and the civil rights movement, she noted.
F. The data supported her hypothesis. The same patterns in word usage also emerged in approximately 350,000 books published in the United Kingdom over the last 200 years. She was able to replicate all findings using synonyms for each target word in the both the U.S. and U.K. books.
G. For instance, the words “choose” and “get” rose significantly in frequency between 1800 and 2000, while “obliged” and “give” decreased significantly over these two centuries.
H. Greenfield also observed a gradual rise in the use of “feel” and a decline in the use of “act,” suggesting a turn toward inner mental life.
I. Greenfield hopes to replicate these findings using Google Books’ Spanish, French, Russian and Chinese databases in the nearest future. The socio-demographic shifts driving cultural and psychological change are global, she noted.
J. To understand culture-wide psychological change, Greenfield examined the frequencies of specific words in approximately 1,160,000 books published in the US. She hypothesized that the usage of specific words would wax and wane as a reflection of psychological adaptation to sociocultural change.
Пока нет комментариев.
